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The Ancient World Behind the Text: Ideas
The customs, offices and ideas a first reader knew without being told, what each meant then, and the nearest thing you already know.
The day of the Lord
The prophets spoke of a coming day when God would judge the world and rescue his people. Paul calls it the day of Christ, giving Jesus the place the prophets gave to God.
A court date set years ahead hangs over everything the defendant does until it arrives. The prophets of Israel warned of the day of the Lord, a coming day when God would step in to judge the world and set his people free. Paul uses the same picture but calls it the day of Christ, the day Jesus returns. For believers it is a day to look toward with hope, and also the day when their lives and work will be weighed.
The phrase comes from the prophets' day of the Lord (for example Joel 1:15 and Isaiah 13:6). Paul applies this language to the return of Jesus, and in doing so recognizes his deity. Day of Christ Jesus adapts the Old Testament phrase, so it assumes that Christ is divine (Philippians 1:6; 2:16; 1 Corinthians 1:8). The day of the Lord was the time when God would judge the world and vindicate his people, and the day of redemption in Ephesians 4:30 belongs with it. Jewish hope expected God to destroy his people's oppressors in the end time and to save his people (Isaiah 66:14-16). The ESV Study Bible reads the day of Jesus Christ as the day he returns (1 Thessalonians 5:2-11; 2 Peter 3:10-13). It notes that Paul does not say when it will come. In the Greek world even Jews often neglected God's future promises, and the Corinthians may have needed correcting on this point. Bailey ties Paul's hope to boast that he did not run or labor in vain to the same day: "For Paul this positive type of boasting has to do with the Day of Judgment". Nearer judgments sometimes prefigured the day. Jewish apocalyptic spoke of an unexpected end that signs nonetheless preceded. The thief in the night was a saying of Jesus (Matthew 24:43) that other early Christian writers took up. Jewish tradition held that the world's next destruction would come by fire, the background to 2 Peter 3:6-7.
An analogy: an audit date announced well in advance, when every account will be opened. Honest bookkeepers look forward to it, and everyone else dreads it.
Because the prophets' day of the Lord was God's own day of judgment and rescue, the day of Christ Jesus in Philippians 1:6 gives Jesus God's role. 1 Corinthians 1:8 speaks of being blameless on the day of our Lord Jesus Christ, and 1 Thessalonians 5:2 says the day of the Lord comes like a thief in the night.
Not a date anyone can circle. An audit is announced with its date, so everyone can prepare on schedule. The day was announced without one: Paul does not say when it will come, and the thief in the night saying stresses surprise.
Two questions. What the Lord is near means in Philippians 4:5. Keener leans toward God's nearness to his people, who hears them when they cry out (Deuteronomy 4:7; Psalm 145:18), though it could refer to his coming. The ESV Study Bible reads it of his return as judge. The cultural backgrounds notes and the CSB Study Bible allow both. Second, whether the day names only the end of history. The CSB Study Bible links the day of the Lord in 1 Thessalonians 5:2 with the great tribulation of the end. The prophets used such language for disasters that struck Jerusalem within history. Wright reads it as giving events their meaning before God, so Paul can see near events through the lens of the final judgment. Wright and Bird draw the same conclusion from 2 Thessalonians 2:2: since some believed the day had already come, it cannot have meant the end of the world. The ESV Study Bible treats the day and the second coming as one event, and the Zondervan dictionary has the day begin at the second coming and run through the final judgment.
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- {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/philippians-2-12-18\/","n":"Philippians 2:12-18, Lights in a crooked generation, poured out like a drink offering","s":"Paul urges the Philippians to work out their salvation without grumbling, shining like stars in a crooked generation, and pictures himself poured out like a drink offering on their sacrifice.","r":"Philippians 2:12-18"}
- {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/philippians-4-2-9\/","n":"Philippians 4:2-9, Two women at odds, names in the book of life, and whatever is true","s":"Paul pleads with two women who worked beside him to agree, asks a companion to help them, notes that their names are in the book of life, and urges joy, prayer instead of worry, and thoughts fixed on whatever is true and excellent.","r":"Philippians 4:2-9"}
- {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/1thessalonians-1-1-10\/","n":"1 Thessalonians 1:1-10, Turned to God from idols","s":"Paul, Silas and Timothy thank God for a young church that received the message in the middle of suffering, whose story is now told everywhere: they turned to God from idols to serve him and to wait for his Son from heaven.","r":"1 Thessalonians 1:1-10"}
- {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/1thessalonians-5-1-11\/","n":"1 Thessalonians 5:1-11, A thief in the night, and peace and security","s":"Paul reminds the church that the day of the Lord comes like a thief in the night: while people say peace and security, sudden destruction comes like labor pains, but they are children of the day who keep awake and sober, armed with faith, love and hope.","r":"1 Thessalonians 5:1-11"}
- {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/2thessalonians-1-3-12\/","n":"2 Thessalonians 1:3-12, Suffering now, and the Lord revealed in blazing fire","s":"Paul thanks God for a church whose faith and love keep growing under persecution, and promises that God will repay their persecutors and give them relief when the Lord Jesus is revealed from heaven with his powerful angels in blazing fire.","r":"2 Thessalonians 1:3-12"}
- {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/2thessalonians-2-1-12\/","n":"2 Thessalonians 2:1-12, The man of lawlessness and the restrainer","s":"Paul tells a church unsettled by claims that the day of the Lord has already come that the rebellion must come first and the man of lawlessness be revealed, who sets himself up in God's temple claiming to be God; something holds him back for now, and the Lord Jesus will destroy him by the breath of his mouth.","r":"2 Thessalonians 2:1-12"}
- {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/2peter-3-1-18\/","n":"2 Peter 3:1-18, Scoffers, the flood and the day of fire","s":"Scoffers will ask where the promised coming is, since everything goes on as it has since creation. Peter answers that the world once made by God's word was destroyed by water and is now kept for fire on the day of judgment; the Lord does not count time as people do, and he delays out of patience. The day will come like a thief, and the readers wait for new heavens and a new earth, as Paul too wrote in letters some twist like the other Scriptures.","r":"2 Peter 3:1-18"}
- {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/1john-2-28-3-24\/","n":"1 John 2:28-3:24, Children of God, Cain, and love in deed","s":"Those who do right are born of God, whose love makes them his children, and when he appears they will be like him. Whoever keeps on sinning belongs to the devil, who has sinned from the beginning, and the Son came to undo his work. The readers are not to be like Cain, who murdered his brother, but to love in deed and in truth, as Christ laid down his life.","r":"1 John 2:28-3:24"}
- {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/revelation-6-9-17\/","n":"Revelation 6:9-17, souls under the altar and the great day of wrath","s":"At the fifth seal the souls of those killed for God's word cry out from under the altar, how long, and are given white robes and told to wait. At the sixth a great earthquake shakes the world, the sky rolls up like a scroll, and kings and slaves alike hide in the caves from the wrath of the Lamb.","r":"Revelation 6:9-17"}
- Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, on Philippians 1:6, 1:28, 2:16 and 4:4-5, and on Ephesians 4:30
- NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, notes on Philippians 1:6, 1:28, 2:16 and 4:5, and on 1 Corinthians 1:8
- ESV Study Bible, study notes on Philippians 1:6, 2:16 and 4:5
- CSB Study Bible, note on Philippians 4:5
- Kenneth E. Bailey, Paul Through Mediterranean Eyes, section 4.4, The Hymn to Love
- Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, on 1 Thessalonians 1:10 and 5:2
- NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, notes on 1 Thessalonians 5:2 and 5:5
- ESV Study Bible, study note on 1 Thessalonians 5:2-3
- CSB Study Bible, note on 1 Thessalonians 5:2
- N. T. Wright, Paul: A Biography, ch. 9, Corinth I
- N. T. Wright and Michael F. Bird, The New Testament in Its World, ch. 18, The Argument of 2 Thessalonians
- ESV Study Bible, study note on 2 Thessalonians 2:2
- Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, on 2 Peter 3:6-7 and 3:10
- NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, notes on 2 Peter 3:7 and 3:10
- J. D. Douglas and Merrill C. Tenney, Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary, entry day of the Lord
