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Echoes of Revelation

Revelation never quotes the Old Testament outright, yet no New Testament book refers to it more. See both texts side by side, why they don’t match, and what John does with them.

Revelation 1:1, what must soon take place John opens his book with Daniel's words about what must take place, and changes Daniel's in the last days to soon.
Revelation 1:4, him who is and who was and who is to come John's name for God takes the Greek form of the name given at the burning bush, the one who is, and adds who was and who is to come.
Revelation 1:4, the seven spirits before the throne The seven spirits before God's throne draw on Zechariah's lampstand, whose seven lamps are the eyes of the Lord and point to God's Spirit.
Revelation 1:5, the faithful witness, the firstborn, the ruler of kings The three titles John gives Jesus all come from Psalm 89, a psalm about God's promise to David's line.
Revelation 1:6, a kingdom and priests What God promised Israel at Mount Sinai, to be a kingdom of priests, John says Jesus has made of his people.
Revelation 1:7, coming with the clouds John weaves Daniel's son of man coming with the clouds into Zechariah's mourning for the one who was pierced, and widens the mourners from Israel's tribes to all the earth's.
Revelation 1:8, the Alpha and the Omega God names himself with the opening and closing letters of the Greek alphabet, a fresh way to say what Isaiah says: God is first and last.
Revelation 1:10, in the Spirit, a voice like a trumpet John's call borrows Ezekiel's words for being taken up by the Spirit and hearing a voice behind him, and the trumpet voice of Mount Sinai.
Revelation 1:11, write what you see in a book The command to write the vision in a book repeats a charge God gave Moses and the prophets.
Revelation 1:12, turned to see the voice John turns to see a voice, an odd phrase that may carry on the Sinai echo, where the people saw the voice.
Revelation 1:12, seven golden lampstands Zechariah saw one gold lampstand with seven lamps; John sees seven gold lampstands, and is told they are the churches.
Revelation 1:13, one like a son of man, robed and girded with gold The figure among the lampstands is Daniel's one like a son of man, dressed like the shining man of Daniel 10 and the scribe in linen of Ezekiel 9.
Revelation 1:14, hair white like wool, white as snow The white hair belongs in Daniel 7 to the Ancient of Days, God on his throne; John gives it to Jesus, the son of man.
Revelation 1:14, eyes like a flame of fire The fiery eyes come from the shining man in Daniel 10, whose eyes were like torches of fire.
Revelation 1:15, feet like bronze refined in a furnace The bronze feet come from Daniel 10 and Ezekiel 1; the furnace may recall the fiery furnace of Daniel 3.
Revelation 1:15, a voice like many waters The voice like the roar of many waters is God's voice in Ezekiel 43:2 and Ezekiel 1:24, and John follows the Hebrew wording.
Revelation 1:16, a sharp two-edged sword from his mouth The sword coming from his mouth joins Isaiah's servant, whose mouth God made a sharp sword, and Isaiah's king, who strikes the earth with his mouth.
Revelation 1:16, his face like the sun shining in its strength The shining face uses the closing words of Deborah's song in Judges 5, where those who love God are like the sun rising in its strength.
Revelation 1:16, seven stars in his right hand The seven stars, explained in 1:20 as the angels of the churches, may draw on Daniel 12:3, where the wise shine like the stars.
Revelation 1:17, falling as though dead, and do not fear John's response follows Daniel 10 step by step: the vision, the prophet falling face down, a touch that lifts him, and the words do not fear.
Revelation 1:17, the first and the last Jesus calls himself the first and the last, the title God uses for himself in Isaiah when he mocks the idols, and John's wording follows the Hebrew.
Revelation 1:18, the living one, alive forever Living forever and ever was a way the Old Testament spoke of God; the risen Jesus says it of himself.
Revelation 1:18, the keys of death and Hades The keys may recall Isaiah 22:22, where the steward of David's house is given the key that opens and shuts.
Revelation 1:19-20, what will take place after this, and the mystery Chapter 1 ends as it began, with Daniel 2: what must take place after this, and a mystery revealed.
Revelation 2:1, these are the words of Each of the seven letters opens with the stock line the prophets used before a word from the Lord, now spoken by Jesus.
Revelation 2:4, the love you had at first The first love Ephesus has left may recall Jeremiah 2:2, where God remembers Israel's love as a young bride in the wilderness.
Revelation 2:7, the tree of life in the paradise of God The reward for the one who conquers is the tree of life from Genesis 2 and 3, now open again, set in Ezekiel's paradise of God.
Revelation 2:7, whoever has ears, let them hear The call to hear that closes every letter goes back through Jesus' parables to Isaiah 6 and Ezekiel 3, where some hear and some refuse.
Revelation 2:10, tested for ten days The ten days of testing at Smyrna recall Daniel and his friends, tested ten days for refusing the king's food.
Revelation 2:13, Antipas, my faithful witness Jesus gives the martyr Antipas his own title from Psalm 89, faithful witness, and keeps the psalm's grammar to show it.
Revelation 2:14-16, the teaching of Balaam The false teachers at Pergamum are named after Balaam, who taught Moab how to lead Israel into idol feasts and immorality, and the Nicolaitans may be his namesakes in Greek.
Revelation 2:17, the hidden manna The hidden manna recalls the bread from heaven God gave Israel in the wilderness and the jar of it kept before the Lord.
Revelation 2:17, a white stone The white stone may recall the manna, which Exodus calls white and Numbers likens to a gem, though the sources also point to stones used for votes and tickets.
Revelation 2:17, a new name The new name on the stone echoes Isaiah's promise that God will call his restored people by a new name.
Revelation 2:18, the Son of God The only use of Son of God in Revelation looks ahead to Psalm 2, quoted at the end of the letter, and may recall the son of God in Daniel's furnace.
Revelation 2:20-23, that woman Jezebel The false prophetess at Thyatira is called Jezebel, after Ahab's queen who drew Israel into Baal worship and whose children came to ruin.
Revelation 2:23, he who searches minds and hearts Jesus takes the Lord's words from Jeremiah 17:10, the one who searches the heart and repays by deeds, as his own.
Revelation 2:26-27, authority over the nations, a rod of iron Jesus quotes Psalm 2:8-9, the promise of the nations and the iron rod, in its Greek form, and shares it with the one who conquers.
Revelation 2:28, the morning star The morning star promised to the one who conquers draws on Balaam's oracle of a star rising from Jacob, read as a sign of the Messiah's rule.
Revelation 3:4-5, walking with me in white The white garments promised at Sardis recall Daniel 11 and 12, where the faithful are made white through the time of trouble at the end.
Revelation 3:4-5, soiled clothes and white garments Soiled clothes traded for white may also recall Zechariah 3, where the high priest's filthy garments are removed and he is clothed anew.
Revelation 3:5, never blotted out of the book of life The promise not to blot a name from the book of life joins Moses' plea in Exodus 32 and Psalm 69 to the book of the saved in Daniel 12.
Revelation 3:7, the key of David Jesus applies to himself Isaiah 22:22, where God gives the steward Eliakim the key of David's house to open and shut.
Revelation 3:8, an open door no one can shut The open door set before Philadelphia may echo Isaiah 45:1, where God opens doors before Cyrus that will not be shut.
Revelation 3:9, bowing down at your feet Isaiah's picture of nations bowing at Israel's feet is turned around: opponents who call themselves Jews will bow before the church at Philadelphia.
Revelation 3:9, they will learn that I have loved you God's word to Israel in Isaiah 43:4, I have loved you, is spoken to the church before its opponents, in the same three Greek words.
Revelation 3:10, the hour of trial The hour of trial coming on the whole world may echo Daniel 12, the time of trouble at the end when God's people are delivered.
Revelation 3:12, a pillar in the temple of my God The promise of a lasting place and a name in God's temple recalls Isaiah 56:5, where outsiders receive a place in God's house and a name that will not be cut off.
Revelation 3:12, the name of the city of my God Writing the name of God's city on the faithful may recall the last verse of Ezekiel, where the new city's name is The Lord Is There.
Revelation 3:14, the Amen, the faithful and true witness Jesus' titles to Laodicea draw on Isaiah 65:16, the God of Amen, and Isaiah 43:10, God's witnesses, both tied to the new creation.
Revelation 3:17, I am rich The Laodicean boast of riches echoes Ephraim's boast in Hosea 12:8, a wealthy people blind to its sin.
Revelation 3:18, buy from me Jesus' advice to buy gold, clothes and salve from him may echo Isaiah 55:1, where God invites the penniless to come and buy without money.
Revelation 3:19, those I love I rebuke and discipline Jesus' word that he rebukes and disciplines those he loves takes up Proverbs 3:11-12, the father's discipline of the son he loves.
Revelation 3:20, I stand at the door and knock Jesus knocking at the door echoes the Song of Songs, where the beloved knocks and asks to be let in.
Revelation 4:1, an open door, a trumpet voice, come up here John's call into heaven borrows the opened heavens of Ezekiel 1 and the scene at Sinai, where a trumpet sounded and Moses was called up the mountain.
Revelation 4:1, what must take place after this The voice promises to show John what must take place after this, the Daniel 2 phrase that already framed the book at 1:1 and 1:19.
Revelation 4:2-11, the whole scene modeled on Daniel 7 Beale finds fourteen features of Daniel 7's heavenly court in Revelation 4 and 5, in nearly the same order, with Ezekiel 1 and Isaiah 6 woven in.
Revelation 4:2, a throne in heaven with one seated on it John sees God enthroned in heaven, the scene the prophets saw before him in Ezekiel 1, Isaiah 6 and Daniel 7.
Revelation 4:3, jasper and carnelian John describes the one on the throne only by the gleam of jasper and carnelian, stones that the Greek of Ezekiel 28 and Exodus 28 lists together with emerald.
Revelation 4:3, a rainbow around the throne The rainbow around the throne comes from Ezekiel's vision of God's glory and recalls the bow God set in the clouds after the flood.
Revelation 4:4, twenty-four elders on thrones The elders around the throne draw on Isaiah 24:23, where God reigns in glory before his elders, on the elders who saw God at Sinai, and on the twenty-four priestly orders of 1 Chronicles 24.
Revelation 4:5, lightning, rumbling and thunder The storm that pours from the throne repeats the lightning and thunder of Sinai and the lightning that flashed from the fire among Ezekiel's creatures.
Revelation 4:5, seven torches of fire, the seven spirits The seven torches burning before the throne are Zechariah's seven lamps, which the prophet ties to God's Spirit, merged with the torches among Ezekiel's creatures.
Revelation 4:6, a sea of glass like crystal The glassy sea before the throne takes the crystal expanse of Ezekiel 1:22 and may recall the great bronze sea of Solomon's temple.
Revelation 4:6-8, four living creatures full of eyes The four creatures take the faces and eyes of Ezekiel's cherubim and the six wings of Isaiah's seraphim, blended into one new picture.
Revelation 4:8, holy, holy, holy The creatures sing the threefold holy of Isaiah 6:3, but John changes Isaiah's title for God and replaces the earth full of his glory with the one who was, is and is coming.
Revelation 4:9, the one who lives forever and ever God is praised twice as the one who lives forever and ever, a title Beale traces to Daniel 4:34 and 12:7, where God's endless life outlasts proud kings.
Revelation 4:11, you created all things and by your will they exist The elders' hymn to God as Creator, who made all things by his will, echoes Nebuchadnezzar's praise in Daniel 4, where God does as he wills in heaven and on earth.
Revelation 5:1, a scroll written inside and on the back The scroll in God's right hand, written on both sides, is Ezekiel's scroll of laments and woes, now given a reach that covers the whole world.
Revelation 5:1, sealed with seven seals The seven seals merge Daniel's order to keep the book sealed until the end with Isaiah's sealed book that no one can read.
Revelation 5:2, who is worthy to open the book The angel's question about opening the book recalls the court of Daniel 7, where the judgment sat and the books were opened.
Revelation 5:5, the Lion of the tribe of Judah The elder names Jesus the Lion of the tribe of Judah, Jacob's blessing on Judah in Genesis 49, which Jewish tradition read of the Messiah.
Revelation 5:5, the Root of David The Root of David takes Isaiah's root of Jesse, the shoot from David's line who rules the nations, and puts David's name in place of his father's.
Revelation 5:6, a Lamb standing as if slain The slain Lamb joins the Passover lamb that saved Israel to the servant of Isaiah 53, led like a sheep to the slaughter.
Revelation 5:6, seven horns The Lamb's seven horns turn the horns of Daniel's beasts against them: the symbol of the enemy's power now marks the Messiah's.
Revelation 5:6, seven eyes sent into all the earth The Lamb's seven eyes are the seven eyes of the Lord in Zechariah 3 and 4, which range over all the earth, now belonging to the Lamb.
Revelation 5:7, the Lamb comes and takes the scroll The Lamb comes to the throne and takes the scroll, as one like a son of man comes before the Ancient of Days in Daniel 7:13-14 to receive a kingdom.
Revelation 5:8, bowls of incense, the prayers of the saints The elders' bowls of incense, which are the prayers of the saints, take up Psalm 141:2, where the psalmist asks that his prayer rise like incense.
Revelation 5:9, a new song The elders sing a new song, the Psalms' and Isaiah's call to praise God for a fresh victory, now sung to the Lamb.
Revelation 5:9, every tribe and language and people and nation The list of every tribe, language, people and nation comes from Daniel, where the nations serve Israel's king or bow to Nebuchadnezzar's statue; John turns it into the people the Lamb has bought.
Revelation 5:10, a kingdom and priests, reigning on the earth The Lamb makes his people a kingdom and priests, Israel's calling from Exodus 19:6, woven with Daniel 7's promise that the saints will receive the kingdom.
Revelation 5:11, myriads of myriads and thousands of thousands The countless angels around the throne are counted in the numbers of Daniel 7:10, where thousands serve God and myriads stand before him.
Revelation 5:12, power and wealth and wisdom The angels' sevenfold praise of the Lamb may echo David's prayer in 1 Chronicles 29 and the gifts Daniel says God gave to kings.
Revelation 5:13, every creature in heaven, on earth and in the sea All creation praises God and the Lamb in the words that the Law and the Psalms use for God as maker of heaven, earth, sea and all that is in them.
Revelation 6:2-8, four horses of four colors The four horsemen are built on Zechariah's horses and chariots, sent out from God's presence to range over the earth, now sent to judge it.
Revelation 6:5-6, scales and rationed grain The rider with scales and the price of grain recall the curses and sieges in which bread was handed out by weight.
Revelation 6:8, Death and Hades Death riding with Hades behind may echo Hosea 13:14, where God names death and Hades together as powers he will master.
Revelation 6:8, sword, famine, plague and wild beasts The four ways the riders kill are Ezekiel's four dreadful judgments on Jerusalem, now let loose over a fourth of the earth.
Revelation 6:9, souls under the altar The slain saints lie under the altar where the blood of sacrifices was poured out, so their deaths are pictured as offerings.
Revelation 6:10, how long until you avenge our blood The martyrs' cry borrows Psalm 79, which asks how long God will wait and prays for vengeance for the blood of his servants.
Revelation 6:10, how long after the horsemen ride In Zechariah the angel of the Lord asks how long, right after the horses report; John puts the same question right after his four horsemen.
Revelation 6:10, holy and true, who avenges the blood of his sons The Song of Moses calls God true and holy and promises he will avenge the blood of his sons; the martyrs appeal to that God.
Revelation 6:12, sun black as sackcloth, moon like blood The sixth seal darkens the sun and turns the moon to blood in Joel's words for the day of the Lord, with Isaiah's sackcloth sky.
Revelation 6:13-14, stars falling like figs, the sky rolled up like a scroll The falling stars and the sky rolled up like a scroll come from Isaiah 34:4, where the host of heaven is judged with the nations.
Revelation 6:15, the kings of the earth and the great ones The ranks of the powerful who hide begin with the same three groups Isaiah 34 dooms: kings, great ones and rulers.
Revelation 6:15-16, hiding in the caves and rocks People hide in caves and among the rocks from the face of God, as Isaiah 2 pictured idolaters hiding from the terror of the Lord.
Revelation 6:16, fall on us The cry to the mountains and rocks to fall on them and hide them is Hosea's picture of idolaters facing judgment.
Revelation 6:17, the great day, and who can stand The closing cry joins Joel's great day of the Lord to the prophets' question of who can stand before God's anger.
Revelation 7:1, four angels holding back the four winds The four winds held back at the corners of the earth recall the four winds of heaven in Zechariah 6, the horse teams John has just used, and other prophets' winds of judgment.
Revelation 7:3, a seal on the foreheads of God's servants Judgment waits until God's servants are sealed on their foreheads, as in Ezekiel 9 the faithful are marked before the slaughter in Jerusalem.
Revelation 7:3, the sign that turns the destroyer away Behind the seal stands the Passover blood on the doors of Israel's houses, a sign that kept the destroyer out while Egypt was struck.
Revelation 7:4, sealed from every tribe of Israel Twelve thousand from each of twelve tribes draws on the prophets' hope that all the tribes of Israel would be gathered again.
Revelation 7:4-8, counted tribe by tribe like an army The tribe-by-tribe count has the form of the census in Numbers 1, where Moses counted Israel's fighting men by their tribes.
Revelation 7:5, Judah first Judah heads the list, not Reuben the firstborn, because Jacob's blessing promised that the ruler would come from Judah.
Revelation 7:9, a crowd no one could count The great multitude that no one could number recalls God's promise to Abraham and Jacob of descendants too many to count.
Revelation 7:9, palm branches in their hands The palm branches recall the Feast of Tabernacles, which Zechariah said the nations would one day keep.
Revelation 7:10, salvation belongs to our God The crowd's shout that salvation belongs to God echoes the closing line of Psalm 3, a prayer for rescue from enemies.
Revelation 7:14, the great tribulation The crowd comes out of the great tribulation, the time of distress Daniel 12:1 foretold, when God's people would be rescued.
Revelation 7:14, robes washed and made white Being made white through trial comes from Daniel's last chapters, and the washing recalls the prophets' promise that sin would be made white as snow.
Revelation 7:15, God will spread his tent over them God sheltering his people with his tent joins Ezekiel's promise of God's dwelling with restored Israel and Isaiah's canopy over Zion.
Revelation 7:16-17, no more hunger or thirst, led to springs of water The promise of no hunger, no thirst, no scorching sun, and a guide to springs of water is Isaiah 49:10, given now to the Lamb's people.
Revelation 7:17, the Lamb will be their shepherd The Lamb shepherding his people takes the shepherd role God holds in Psalm 23 and promises to David's heir in Ezekiel 34.
Revelation 7:17, God will wipe away every tear The promise that God will wipe every tear comes from Isaiah 25:8, and John's verb is closer to the Hebrew than to the Greek translation.
Revelation 8:1, silence in heaven The silence when the seventh seal opens draws on the prophets' call for all the earth to be silent before the Lord as he rises to judge.
Revelation 8:2, seven trumpets Seven trumpets in the hands of seven angels recall the seven priests with seven trumpets who went before the ark around Jericho.
Revelation 8:3-4, incense with the prayers of the saints Incense rising with the saints' prayers recalls the psalmist's plea that his prayer be set before God like incense.
Revelation 8:3-5, a censer of fire from the altar The angel with the golden censer acts like the high priest on the Day of Atonement, who took coals from the altar and laid incense on the fire before the Lord.
Revelation 8:5, fire from the altar thrown on the earth The angel fills the censer with fire and throws it to the earth, as the man in linen in Ezekiel 10 scatters coals from among the cherubim over Jerusalem, right after the faithful are marked.
Revelation 8:5, thunder, voices, lightning and earthquake The thunder, sounds, lightning and earthquake are the signs of God's coming at Sinai, repeated to close each series of judgments.
Revelation 8:7, hail and fire mixed with blood The first trumpet repeats the seventh plague on Egypt, hail with fire, adds blood, and spreads it from Egypt to the earth.
Revelation 8:7, a third burned up Judgment by thirds may come from Ezekiel 5, where Jerusalem is divided into thirds for fire, sword and scattering, and from Zechariah 13, where a third is brought through fire.
Revelation 8:8-9, a third of the sea became blood The second trumpet turns a third of the sea to blood and kills its creatures, as the first plague turned the Nile to blood and killed its fish.
Revelation 8:8, a great mountain burning with fire The burning mountain thrown into the sea may come from Jeremiah 51, where God calls Babylon a destroying mountain he will make a burnt-out one.
Revelation 8:10, a great star fell from heaven The great burning star that falls from heaven may recall Isaiah 14:12, the fallen morning star used of the king of Babylon.
Revelation 8:11, Wormwood The star named Wormwood turns the waters bitter, the judgment Jeremiah announced on idolaters, and John's word follows the Hebrew, not the Greek translation.
Revelation 8:11, the waters made bitter Waters made bitter recall Marah, where Israel could not drink the bitter water until God made it sweet; here God makes sweet water bitter.
Revelation 8:12, a third of the sun, moon and stars darkened The fourth trumpet darkens a third of the lights in the sky, echoing the ninth plague, three days of darkness over Egypt.
Revelation 8:12, the sun going down at noon Amos 8:9, where God makes the sun set at noon in a judgment on Israel shaped by the plague on Egypt, may also stand behind the fourth trumpet.
Revelation 8:13, an eagle crying woe An eagle flying overhead and crying woe draws on the prophets' eagle of judgment, set beside a trumpet in Hosea 8:1 and beside woe in Jeremiah 4:13.
Revelation 9:1, a star fallen from heaven The star that has fallen from heaven and is handed the key to the Abyss may recall the fallen morning star of Isaiah 14:12, though the sources split on whether this star is good or evil.
Revelation 9:2, smoke from the shaft darkens the sun The smoke that pours from the Abyss and darkens the sun joins Joel's darkened sun to the land darkened by the locusts of Exodus and the furnace smoke over Sodom.
Revelation 9:3, locusts came out onto the earth Locusts coming out onto the earth repeat the eighth plague of Exodus 10, the next step in the plague pattern the trumpets follow.
Revelation 9:4, not to harm the grass or any green thing Locusts that may not touch grass, plants or trees turn the locusts of Exodus upside down, since those ate every green thing in Egypt.
Revelation 9:6, people will seek death and not find it People longing to die but unable to may recall Job's cry for a death that does not come and Jeremiah's people who would choose death over life.
Revelation 9:7, like horses ready for battle The locusts that look like war horses and sound like chariots come from Joel 2, where a locust swarm is pictured as an army charging into battle.
Revelation 9:7, horses like a swarm of locusts Jeremiah 51 calls for horses like a multitude of locusts against Babylon at the sound of a trumpet, and John's horse-like locusts echo that call in its Greek form.
Revelation 9:8, teeth like lions' teeth The locusts' lion teeth come straight from Joel 1:6, where the locust nation has the teeth of a lion.
Revelation 9:11, Abaddon and Apollyon The king of the locusts bears the Hebrew name Abaddon, the place of destruction that the Old Testament sets beside the grave, and a Greek name, Apollyon, the Destroyer.
Revelation 9:14, the four angels bound at the great river Euphrates Angels set loose at the Euphrates call up the prophets' armies from beyond that river, above all Jeremiah 46, where horsemen gather by the Euphrates on the day of the Lord's vengeance.
Revelation 9:16, a double myriad of myriads The cavalry's number doubles the myriads of myriads who stand before God in Daniel 7:10.
Revelation 9:17-18, fire, smoke and sulfur from their mouths Fire, smoke and sulfur pouring from the horses' mouths call up the fall of Sodom and Gomorrah, the one Old Testament scene with all three.
Revelation 9:19, tails like snakes Horses whose tails are like snakes that bite may recall the snakes that struck Israel in the wilderness in Numbers 21.
Revelation 9:20, idols that cannot see, hear or walk The gold, silver, bronze, stone and wooden idols join Daniel's list of the gods Belshazzar praised to the Psalms' mockery of idols with feet that do not walk.
Revelation 9:20, worshiping demons Calling the worship of idols the worship of demons follows Deuteronomy 32:17 and Psalm 106:37, where Israel sacrificed to demons.
Revelation 9:21, murders, sorceries, sexual sin and thefts The sins the survivors will not leave may follow the Ten Commandments and Jeremiah's temple sermon, where murder, adultery and theft go hand in hand with serving other gods.
Revelation 10:1, wrapped in a cloud, with legs like pillars of fire The mighty angel comes robed in the marks of God's own presence: the cloud, the rainbow of Ezekiel 1, and legs like the pillar of fire that led Israel through the wilderness.
Revelation 10:3, a loud cry like a lion roaring The angel's lion-like cry echoes Amos 3:8, where the Lord has roared and the prophet must prophesy, the same chapter John draws on in 10:7.
Revelation 10:3-4, the seven thunders spoke The seven thunders may recall Psalm 29, where the voice of the Lord thunders seven times, and Sinai, where God's voice came with thunder.
Revelation 10:4, seal up what the seven thunders said The order to seal the thunders' words repeats the order given to Daniel to seal his vision, though elsewhere Revelation is told not to seal its words.
Revelation 10:5-6, he raised his right hand and swore The angel over sea and land who lifts his hand and swears by the one who lives forever replays Daniel 12:7, but where Daniel's oath set a time of waiting, John's says the delay is over.
Revelation 10:7, the mystery of God, announced to his servants the prophets The mystery God announced to his servants the prophets joins Amos 3:7, where God reveals his secret to his servants the prophets, to Daniel's word for a mystery God reveals.
Revelation 10:8-10, take it and eat it John's eating of the little scroll replays Ezekiel's call, where the prophet eats a scroll sweet as honey, and adds a bitter stomach that Ezekiel and Jeremiah also knew.
Revelation 10:11, peoples, nations, languages and kings John's commission to prophesy about peoples, nations, languages and many kings takes Daniel's formula for the whole world and adds kings.
Revelation 10:11, prophesy again about many nations and kings Two study Bibles hear in John's renewed commission Jeremiah's call as a prophet set over nations and kingdoms.
Revelation 11:1, a measuring reed to measure the temple of God John's measuring reed comes from Ezekiel 40, where a man with a measuring reed marks out the temple to come, and from Zechariah 2, where a man goes out to measure Jerusalem.
Revelation 11:2, the nations will trample the holy city Nations trampling the holy city draws on Daniel 8:13, where the holy place and the host are trampled, and on Isaiah 63:18, where enemies tread down God's sanctuary.
Revelation 11:2-3, forty-two months and 1,260 days Forty-two months and 1,260 days are three and a half years, Daniel's span for the season when God's people are under attack.
Revelation 11:3, my two witnesses Two witnesses follow the law of Deuteronomy 19:15, which demands at least two witnesses to settle a case.
Revelation 11:4, the two olive trees and the two lampstands The witnesses are the two olive trees and two lampstands standing before the Lord of the earth, wording that comes from Zechariah 4.
Revelation 11:5, fire comes out of their mouth Fire that comes out of the witnesses' mouths and consumes their enemies joins Elijah's fire from heaven to Jeremiah's words made fire in his mouth.
Revelation 11:6, power to shut the sky and turn the waters into blood The witnesses carry Elijah's power to stop the rain and Moses' power to turn water into blood and strike the land with every plague.
Revelation 11:7, the beast from the Abyss will make war on them The beast rising from the Abyss to make war on the witnesses and overpower them takes its words from Daniel 7, where beasts rise from the sea and the horn makes war on the holy ones.
Revelation 11:8, the great city called Sodom and Egypt Calling the great city Sodom and Egypt follows the prophets who named a rebellious Jerusalem Sodom and remembered Egypt as the oppressor of God's people.
Revelation 11:9, no one may bury their bodies Leaving the witnesses' bodies unburied echoes Psalm 79, where the nations defile the temple, kill God's servants around Jerusalem and leave no one to bury them.
Revelation 11:11, the breath of life from God entered them The witnesses' rising takes its words from Ezekiel 37:5 and 37:10, where the breath of life enters the dry bones and they stand on their feet.
Revelation 11:12, they went up to heaven in the cloud The witnesses taken up to heaven while their enemies watch recall Elijah taken up to heaven in a whirlwind as his prophetic career ended.
Revelation 11:13, a great earthquake The great earthquake that follows the witnesses' rising takes its wording from Ezekiel 38:19, where a great earthquake marks God's judgment on Gog after Israel's revival.
Revelation 11:13, seven thousand people were killed Seven thousand killed may turn around the seven thousand in Israel whom God kept faithful in Elijah's day, though the sources differ on how.
Revelation 11:15, the kingdom of the world has become the Lord's The cry that the world's kingdom now belongs to the Lord, who will reign forever, announces the outcome Daniel 7 and Daniel 2 foresaw: earthly kingdoms handed over to God's everlasting rule.
Revelation 11:15, our Lord and his Christ Our Lord and his Christ, the raging nations and God's wrath come from Psalm 2, where the kings of the earth rise against the Lord and his anointed and he speaks to them in his anger.
Revelation 11:15, he will reign forever, and the nations were angry The seventh trumpet's song borrows from the Song of Moses at the sea, where the nations heard and were angry, in the Greek, and the Lord will reign forever and ever.
Revelation 11:17, you have begun to reign The elders' thanks that God has taken his great power and begun to reign echoes the psalms' refrain, the Lord reigns, which Psalm 99 pairs with raging peoples.
Revelation 11:18, those who fear your name, small and great Rewarding those who fear God's name, small and great, echoes Psalm 115:13, where the Lord blesses those who fear him, the small with the great.
Revelation 11:18, to destroy those who destroy the earth Destroying the destroyers of the earth echoes Jeremiah 51:25 in Greek, where God turns against Babylon, the destroying mountain that destroys the whole earth.
Revelation 11:19, lightning, rumblings, thunder, an earthquake and great hail The opened temple with the ark in view, and the lightning, voices, thunder, earthquake and hail, bring back God's appearing at Sinai, where the covenant was made.
Revelation 12:1, a woman crowned with twelve stars The woman dressed in the sun with the moon at her feet and twelve stars on her head borrows Joseph's dream, where sun, moon and stars stand for Jacob's family.
Revelation 12:2, crying out in labor pains The woman in labor draws on the prophets' picture of Zion as a mother in pain, whose child means rescue from captivity.
Revelation 12:3, a great red dragon The dragon takes the Old Testament's sea monster, the many-headed beast God crushed and the great dragon Pharaoh, and names it as the devil.
Revelation 12:3, ten horns The dragon's ten horns come from the fourth beast of Daniel 7, the terrifying empire that rose from the sea.
Revelation 12:4, a third of the stars swept down The dragon's tail throwing stars to earth borrows Daniel's vision of the horn that cast stars down; in verse 9 the dragon is thrown down himself.
Revelation 12:5, ruling the nations with an iron rod The child who will rule the nations with an iron rod is the king of Psalm 2, and John follows the Greek wording, shepherd, where the Hebrew has break.
Revelation 12:5, she gave birth to a son, a male John's odd phrase a son, a male copies Isaiah 66:7, where Zion gives birth to a male child before her labor begins.
Revelation 12:6, fleeing into the wilderness The woman's flight into the wilderness, where God has a place ready and feeds her, replays Israel's exodus and the prophets' hope of a new one.
Revelation 12:7, Michael and his angels Michael, who fights for John's side in heaven, is the angel prince of Daniel 10 and 12 who stands guard over God's people.
Revelation 12:7-8, the dragon was not strong enough John describes the dragon's defeat with Daniel's words for the horn that made war on the saints and won, turned around, and adds Daniel 2's line that no place was found for them.
Revelation 12:9, that ancient serpent Calling the dragon the ancient serpent who deceives the world names him as the serpent of Eden.
Revelation 12:10, the accuser of our brothers The accuser thrown down is the satan of Job and Zechariah, the prosecutor in God's court, now struck from the case.
Revelation 12:12, rejoice, you heavens The call for the heavens to rejoice repeats a phrase the Greek Old Testament uses when God saves his people and judges their enemies.
Revelation 12:14, the two wings of the great eagle The eagle's wings that carry the woman into the wilderness come from God's words at Sinai, where he says he carried Israel on eagles' wings.
Revelation 12:14, a time, times and half a time The woman is fed for Daniel's three and a half years of trouble for God's people, a period 12:6 counts as 1,260 days.
Revelation 12:15, a river from the serpent's mouth The flood the serpent spews after the woman uses the Psalms' picture of enemies as floodwater, and God's promise that the rivers will not sweep his people away.
Revelation 12:16, the earth swallowed the river The earth opening its mouth to swallow the serpent's flood recalls the Song of the Sea, where the earth swallowed Pharaoh's army, and Korah's rebels swallowed in the desert.
Revelation 12:17, the rest of her offspring The dragon's war on the woman's offspring plays out the first promise of Genesis 3:15: hostility between the serpent and the woman's seed.
Revelation 13:1-2, a beast rising from the sea The beast from the sea is Daniel 7 reworked: it has the ten horns of the fourth beast and the leopard, bear and lion of the other three, merged into one.
Revelation 13:1, two beasts, from the sea and from the land Two beasts, one from the sea and one from the land, may echo Job's pair, Leviathan of the sea and Behemoth of the land.
Revelation 13:3, a fatal wound healed The beast's head struck with a deathblow, and later called the wound of the sword, may recall the serpent's crushed head of Genesis 3:15 and God's sword on the dragon in Isaiah 27:1.
Revelation 13:4, who is like the beast? The crowd's cry who is like the beast? copies Israel's song after the Red Sea, who is like you, O Lord?, and turns praise of God into praise of his enemy.
Revelation 13:5-6, a mouth speaking great things for forty-two months The beast's boastful mouth and its forty-two months come from Daniel's little horn, who speaks great things against the Most High for three and a half times.
Revelation 13:7, war on the saints The beast is allowed to make war on the saints and conquer them, as Daniel's horn made war with the holy ones and prevailed.
Revelation 13:7-8, authority over every tribe, and worship The beast is given authority over every tribe, people and language and is worshiped, a parody of the son of man in Daniel 7:14, to whom authority is given and all peoples serve.
Revelation 13:8, the book of life The Lamb's book of life draws on Daniel's book of those to be delivered and the psalm's book of the living, from which the wicked are blotted out.
Revelation 13:10, captivity and the sword The saying about going to captivity and dying by the sword joins two oracles of Jeremiah, once spoken against unfaithful Judah, now spoken to the faithful church.
Revelation 13:11, two horns like a lamb The second beast's two horns recall the two-horned ram of Daniel 8, while its lamb-like look mocks the Lamb.
Revelation 13:13, fire from heaven The second beast calling down fire from heaven mimics Elijah on Mount Carmel, and its great signs mimic Moses, as Pharaoh's magicians once did.
Revelation 13:14-15, worship the image or die The order to make an image of the beast and kill all who will not worship it replays Nebuchadnezzar's golden statue in Daniel 3.
Revelation 13:16, a mark on the hand or forehead The beast's mark on the right hand or forehead parodies God's command to bind his law on the hand and between the eyes.
Revelation 13:18, the number 666 The only places 666 appears in the Old Testament are Solomon's yearly gold and a family list; Beale thinks Solomon's gold may be in view, and Heiser finds that unpersuasive.
Revelation 14:1, the Lamb standing on Mount Zion The Lamb on Mount Zion is the king of Psalm 2, set on God's holy hill while the nations rage.
Revelation 14:2, like the sound of many waters The sound from heaven like many waters and loud thunder uses Ezekiel's sound of God's glory, here for the song of the redeemed.
Revelation 14:3, a new song The new song of the redeemed echoes the psalms' new song for God's victories.
Revelation 14:4, firstfruits to God Calling the redeemed firstfruits to God recalls Jeremiah 2:3, where Israel was holy to the Lord, the first of his harvest.
Revelation 14:5, no lie in their mouth No lie found in their mouth joins Zephaniah's promise of a truthful remnant on Zion to Isaiah's servant, in whose mouth was no deceit.
Revelation 14:6, an eternal gospel The angel's eternal good news echoes the prophets' herald of good news, whose message was rescue for God's people and judgment on their enemies.
Revelation 14:7, worship the one who made heaven and earth The call to give God glory and worship the maker of heaven, earth and sea echoes the angel's word to Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel 4 and the psalm's praise of the Creator.
Revelation 14:8, fallen, fallen is Babylon the great The second angel's cry joins Isaiah's watchman, fallen, fallen is Babylon, to Nebuchadnezzar's boast in Daniel, Babylon the great.
Revelation 14:8, the wine that made the nations drunk Babylon making the nations drink the wine of her passion comes from Jeremiah 51, where Babylon is a gold cup that made the whole earth drunk.
Revelation 14:10, the cup of God's wrath Whoever worships the beast will drink God's wine, mixed undiluted in the cup of his anger, the cup of the Psalms and Jeremiah.
Revelation 14:10, fire and sulfur Torment with fire and sulfur recalls the fire and sulfur God rained on Sodom.
Revelation 14:11, the smoke goes up forever The smoke of torment rising forever, with no rest day or night, comes from Isaiah 34's picture of Edom burning night and day, its smoke rising for all time.
Revelation 14:14, one like a son of man on a cloud The crowned figure seated on a white cloud, one like a son of man, is Daniel 7:13's figure, come now to reap the earth.
Revelation 14:15-16, put in your sickle, for the harvest is ripe The command to send the sickle because the harvest is ripe, and then to gather the grapes, follows Joel 3:13, the only Old Testament text with both the sickle and the winepress as judgment.
Revelation 14:19-20, the great winepress of God's wrath The winepress trodden outside the city, with blood up to the horses' bridles, draws on Isaiah 63, where the Lord treads the nations like grapes, alone, and their blood stains his clothes.
Revelation 15:2, a sea of glass mixed with fire The glassy sea where the victors stand recalls the Red Sea of the exodus and the crystal expanse under God's throne in Ezekiel 1.
Revelation 15:3, the song of Moses the servant of God The victors sing the song of Moses, the song Israel sang after crossing the sea, now joined to the song of the Lamb.
Revelation 15:3, great and marvelous are your works The song's first line gathers phrases from Moses' warning of great and marvelous plagues and from psalms that praise God's great works.
Revelation 15:3, just and true are your ways Moses' second song calls God's works true and his ways just; the singers say it of God's ways, and the altar says it of his judgments.
Revelation 15:3-4, who will not fear you, King of the nations The question who will not fear you, joined to the title King of the nations, comes from Jeremiah's mockery of idols.
Revelation 15:4, all the nations will come and worship The hope that every nation will come and bow before God is taken from Psalm 86:9-10, almost word for word in the Greek.
Revelation 15:4, your righteous acts have been revealed The song's last line may recall Psalm 98:2, where God shows his righteousness before the nations after a new song for his victory.
Revelation 15:5, the tent of testimony in heaven John calls the heavenly sanctuary the tent of testimony, the name the Greek translation gives Israel's desert tent, which the Hebrew calls the tent of meeting.
Revelation 15:6, angels in linen with golden sashes The seven angels wear linen and gold sashes like the man in linen of Daniel 10 and the Son of Man in Revelation 1.
Revelation 15:7, seven golden bowls full of God's wrath The bowls of God's anger draw on Isaiah's cup of wrath, which God takes from Jerusalem and hands to her oppressors, and on the gold bowls of the temple.
Revelation 15:8, the temple filled with smoke from God's glory Smoke fills the heavenly temple and no one can enter, as when God's glory filled Moses' tent, Isaiah's temple and Ezekiel's temple before judgment.
Revelation 16:1, a loud voice from the temple The voice from the temple that starts and ends the bowls recalls Isaiah 66:6, the voice of the Lord from the temple repaying his enemies.
Revelation 16:2, painful sores on those with the mark The first bowl brings Egypt's plague of boils, described in the words Deuteronomy uses, on everyone who took the beast's mark.
Revelation 16:3-4, the sea and the rivers turned to blood The second and third bowls repeat Egypt's first plague, the Nile turned to blood, on all the sea and all the rivers and springs.
Revelation 16:6, blood to drink The angel's verdict, that those who poured out the saints' blood are given blood to drink, joins Psalm 79's lament over Jerusalem with Isaiah's promise against Israel's oppressors.
Revelation 16:8-9, scorched by the sun The fourth bowl turns around the promise of Isaiah 49:10, given to the saints in Revelation 7:16, that sun and heat would not strike God's people.
Revelation 16:10-11, darkness on the beast's kingdom The fifth bowl brings Egypt's ninth plague, a darkness that could be felt, on the throne and kingdom of the beast.
Revelation 16:12, the Euphrates dried up for the kings from the east The sixth bowl dries up the Euphrates for kings from the east, as Isaiah and Jeremiah foretold God would dry Babylon's river before Cyrus took the city.
Revelation 16:13-14, unclean spirits like frogs Egypt's plague of frogs returns as three demonic spirits from the mouths of the unholy three, who deceive the world's kings.
Revelation 16:14, gathering the kings for the war of the great day The kings are gathered for war on God's great day, as the prophets foretold God would gather the nations against Jerusalem to judge them.
Revelation 16:15, so that he does not walk naked The warning to keep one's clothes, so that others do not see one's shame, uses the language of Ezekiel's sentence on faithless Jerusalem.
Revelation 16:16, the place called in Hebrew Armageddon Armageddon, mountain of Megiddo, draws on Megiddo's battles and Zechariah 12:11, though Heiser reads it as the mount of assembly, Zion.
Revelation 16:18, an earthquake such as never was The seventh bowl's storm and quake join the thunder and lightning of Sinai with Daniel's time of trouble such as never was.
Revelation 16:20, every island fled and the mountains were gone The quake that topples cities and removes mountains may draw on Ezekiel's great earthquake when God judges Gog.
Revelation 16:21, huge hailstones from heaven The seventh bowl ends with Egypt's plague of hail, described as very great, now falling on people across the world.
Revelation 17:1, the great prostitute who sits on many waters The prostitute seated on many waters takes Jeremiah's words about historical Babylon, the city that dwelt by many waters.
Revelation 17:2, the kings of the earth committed immorality with her The kings' immorality with Babylon borrows Isaiah's picture of Tyre, the trading city that sold herself to every kingdom on earth.
Revelation 17:3, carried away in the Spirit The angel carries John away in the Spirit, in the words that describe Ezekiel being lifted and carried by the Spirit to see visions.
Revelation 17:3, into a wilderness John sees Babylon in a wilderness though she sits on many waters, because Isaiah 21 joins wilderness and sea in an oracle on Babylon's fall.
Revelation 17:4-5, dressed in scarlet, a name on her forehead The woman's scarlet dress, gold and forehead name draw on Jeremiah's portrait of faithless Judah as a harlot.
Revelation 17:4, a golden cup in her hand The woman's golden cup and the wine that makes the nations drunk come from Jeremiah's picture of Babylon as a golden cup in the Lord's hand.
Revelation 17:5, Babylon the Great, a mystery The name Babylon the Great comes from Nebuchadnezzar's boast in Daniel 4:30, the pride that was judged in one hour.
Revelation 17:6, drunk with the blood of the saints The prophets pictured God's sword and land drunk with his enemies' blood; John turns the image around, so Babylon is drunk on the blood of God's people.
Revelation 17:8, the beast comes up and goes to destruction The beast that rises from the abyss and goes to destruction follows Daniel 7, where beasts rise from the sea and the last is destroyed.
Revelation 17:9-10, seven heads are seven mountains and seven kings The beast's seven heads come from the beasts of Daniel 7, whose heads add up to seven, and are explained as mountains and kings, as Daniel explains beasts as kings.
Revelation 17:12, the ten horns are ten kings The angel explains the beast's ten horns as ten kings, just as the angel in Daniel 7:24 explains the fourth beast's ten horns.
Revelation 17:12, for one hour The kings rule for one hour, and Babylon falls in one hour, an echo of the one hour in the Greek of Daniel 4, the story of Nebuchadnezzar's fall.
Revelation 17:14, they will make war on the Lamb, and the Lamb will conquer them Daniel saw the horn make war on the saints and prevail; John turns the words around, so the Lamb conquers those who make war on him.
Revelation 17:14, Lord of lords and King of kings The Lamb's title, Lord of lords and King of kings, matches the title the old Greek of Daniel 4:37 gives God after he humbles Babylon's king.
Revelation 17:15, the waters are peoples and nations The angel explains the many waters as peoples and nations, a picture Isaiah uses when the nations roar like many waters.
Revelation 17:16, they will hate the prostitute and leave her naked The beast and the kings strip, devour and burn the prostitute, as Ezekiel foretold that Jerusalem's lovers would turn on her.
Revelation 17:16, they will burn her with fire The burning of the prostitute may recall the law that a priest's daughter who turns to harlotry is to be burned with fire.
Revelation 18:1, the earth lit up by his glory The angel whose glory lights up the earth recalls Ezekiel 43:2, where the earth shines with the glory of God returning to his temple.
Revelation 18:2, fallen, fallen is Babylon the Great The angel's cry, fallen, fallen is Babylon, repeats the watchman's report in Isaiah 21:9 and Jeremiah's word that Babylon has suddenly fallen.
Revelation 18:2, a home for demons and every unclean bird Fallen Babylon becomes a lair of demons, unclean birds and beasts, as Isaiah foretold for ruined Babylon and Edom, in words the Greek translation renders as demons.
Revelation 18:3, the merchants of the earth grew rich The merchants who grew rich from Babylon's luxury come from Ezekiel's lament over Tyre, whose trade enriched the kings of the earth.
Revelation 18:4, come out of her, my people The call to God's people to leave Babylon before her plagues fall repeats Jeremiah's and Isaiah's call to the exiles to flee Babylon.
Revelation 18:5, her sins are piled up to heaven Babylon's sins have reached heaven, as Jeremiah said Babylon's judgment reached to heaven and as Sodom's outcry rose to God.
Revelation 18:6, pay her back as she paid The call to repay Babylon as she repaid others comes from Jeremiah's oracle on Babylon and Psalm 137, and the double portion from Jeremiah and Isaiah.
Revelation 18:7, I sit as a queen; I am no widow Babylon's boast that she sits as a queen, is no widow and will never mourn repeats the boast of Babylon in Isaiah 47:7-8.
Revelation 18:8, her plagues will come in one day Babylon's plagues come in one day and she is burned with fire, as Isaiah 47 foretold for Babylon, and her judge is mighty, as Jeremiah 50:34 says.
Revelation 18:9-10, the kings stand far off and lament The kings who mourn Babylon from a distance follow Ezekiel's lament over Tyre, where princes tremble and the kings of the coasts are appalled.
Revelation 18:11-13, no one buys their cargo any more The merchants' lament and the long list of cargo, ending with human beings, follow Ezekiel 27's inventory of Tyre's trade.
Revelation 18:16, clothed in linen, purple and scarlet; woe, woe The merchants' double woe over the city dressed in linen, purple, scarlet, gold and jewels draws on Ezekiel's pictures of adorned Tyre and adorned, unfaithful Jerusalem.
Revelation 18:17-19, the sailors throw dust on their heads The sea captains and sailors who stand far off, throw dust on their heads and cry, what city was like the great city, follow Ezekiel's lament of the sailors over Tyre.
Revelation 18:20, rejoice over her, heaven The call for heaven and the saints to rejoice over Babylon's fall comes from Jeremiah 51:48, where heaven and earth shout for joy over Babylon.
Revelation 18:21, a great millstone thrown into the sea The angel throws a great millstone into the sea, as Jeremiah's messenger threw a stone into the Euphrates, saying Babylon would sink and never rise.
Revelation 18:22, the sound of harpists will never be heard again The silencing of Babylon's music joins Isaiah 24:8, where the harp falls silent, with Ezekiel 26:13, where Tyre's songs are heard no more.
Revelation 18:22-23, the millstone, the lamp, the bridegroom and the bride The silence of mill, lamp, bridegroom and bride repeats Jeremiah 25:10, where God takes those sounds from Judah through Babylon; now Babylon loses them.
Revelation 18:23, your merchants were the great ones of the earth The charge that Babylon's merchants were the great ones of the earth repeats Isaiah 23:8, where Tyre's merchants were princes, honored on earth.
Revelation 18:23, all nations were deceived by your sorcery Babylon's sorcery that deceived the nations recalls Isaiah 47:9, Babylon's spells, and Nahum 3:4, Nineveh the harlot who sold nations by her sorceries.
Revelation 18:24, in her was found the blood of prophets and saints Babylon falls because the blood of the saints and of all the slain is found in her, as Jeremiah said Babylon must fall for Israel's slain and the slain of all the earth.
Revelation 19:1, hallelujah over the fall of the wicked The first hallelujah may echo the last line of Psalm 104, where the psalm ends with hallelujah once sinners are gone from the earth.
Revelation 19:2, the city that ruined the earth Babylon is the one who corrupted the earth, in words that Beale traces to Jeremiah's oracle against Babylon, the mountain that destroys the whole earth.
Revelation 19:2, avenged the blood of his servants God avenges the blood of his servants on the prostitute, in words close to God's charge against Jezebel in 2 Kings 9:7, with the prayer of Psalm 79:10 behind it.
Revelation 19:3, her smoke goes up forever The smoke rising from Babylon forever comes from Isaiah 34:10, where Edom burns and its smoke never stops.
Revelation 19:4, amen, hallelujah The elders' amen and hallelujah echo the close of Psalm 106, where all the people answer God's rescue with the same two words.
Revelation 19:5, all his servants, small and great The call to praise from the throne gathers psalm phrases: all you his servants from Psalms 134 and 135, and those who fear him, small and great, from Psalm 115:13.
Revelation 19:6, the Lord our God reigns The shout that the Lord God Almighty has begun to reign gathers a refrain from the enthronement psalms, the Song of the Sea and Isaiah 52:7.
Revelation 19:7-8, the bride clothed in fine linen The bride dressed in bright, clean linen draws on Isaiah 61:10, where God clothes his people in salvation and righteousness like a bride in her jewels.
Revelation 19:9, the marriage supper of the Lamb The blessing on those invited to the Lamb's wedding supper takes up Isaiah 25:6-8, the feast God makes for all peoples on his mountain, where death is swallowed up.
Revelation 19:11, in righteousness he judges The rider who judges in righteousness takes a favorite psalm line about God judging the world rightly, also given to the king from Jesse's stem in Isaiah 11:4.
Revelation 19:12, eyes like a flame of fire The rider's fiery eyes repeat the son of man's eyes from 1:14, which come from the shining man of Daniel 10:6.
Revelation 19:12, many crowns and a name no one knows The crowns and the hidden name may recall Isaiah 62:2-3, where Zion is promised a new name and a royal diadem.
Revelation 19:13, a robe dipped in blood and the winepress The rider's blood-soaked robe and his treading of the winepress come from Isaiah 63:1-3, where God returns from Edom with garments stained from trampling the nations.
Revelation 19:14, the armies of heaven follow him The armies of heaven riding behind the rider may recall Zechariah 14:5, where the Lord comes with all his holy ones.
Revelation 19:15, a sharp sword from his mouth The sharp sword from the rider's mouth joins the servant's sword-like mouth in Isaiah 49:2 with the king who strikes the earth by his word in Isaiah 11:4.
Revelation 19:15, rule them with a rod of iron The rider shepherds the nations with a rod of iron, the promise of Psalm 2:9 in the wording of the Greek translation.
Revelation 19:16, King of kings and Lord of lords The name on the rider's robe and thigh is a title the Old Testament gives to God, in Deuteronomy 10:17 and in Daniel, where Beale finds it in the Greek of Daniel 4:37.
Revelation 19:17-18, the great supper of God The angel's call to the birds to eat the flesh of kings, horses and warriors is Ezekiel 39's summons to the birds after the defeat of Gog.
Revelation 19:19, the kings of the earth gathered for war The beast and the earth's kings gathered to make war on the rider recall Psalm 2:2, with the gathering of nations in Ezekiel 38 and Zechariah 14.
Revelation 19:20, thrown alive into the lake of fire The beast thrown into the burning lake of fire recalls Daniel 7:11, where the beast is slain and given to the burning fire, beside the river of fire before God's throne.
Revelation 19:20, fire and sulfur The burning sulfur of the lake may echo Ezekiel 38:22, where God rains fire and sulfur on Gog and his armies.
Revelation 20:2-3, the powers locked in the pit The dragon seized, bound and shut in the abyss until a set time echoes Isaiah's day when the powers above and the kings below are herded into a pit and punished after many days.
Revelation 20:2, that ancient serpent Calling the dragon the ancient serpent and stopping him from deceiving points back to the serpent of Eden, whose lie brought the first fall.
Revelation 20:4, thrones and judgment given The thrones and the judgment given to those seated on them come from Daniel 7, where thrones are set and the verdict is given for the holy ones, who then take the kingdom.
Revelation 20:4, they came to life The last chapters of Revelation follow the order of Ezekiel's last chapters, and the word for came to life is the word Ezekiel uses when the dry bones live.
Revelation 20:5, the first resurrection The rest of the dead and the first resurrection may draw on Daniel 12:2, where many who sleep in the dust wake, some to life and some to shame.
Revelation 20:6, priests of God and of Christ Those in the first resurrection will be priests and will reign, the promise of Exodus 19:6 given to those raised first, with Isaiah 61:6's end-time priests and Daniel's reigning saints.
Revelation 20:8, Gog and Magog Satan gathers the nations for battle under the names Gog and Magog, Ezekiel's last enemy, now drawn from the four corners of the earth.
Revelation 20:8, as the sand of the sea The countless army, like sand on the shore, uses the picture the Old Testament gives the hordes that came against Israel in Joshua, Judges and Samuel.
Revelation 20:9, up over the breadth of the earth The armies going up over the breadth of the earth to surround God's people borrow Gog's going up against the land in Ezekiel 38 and the Babylonian march across the breadth of the earth in Habakkuk 1:6.
Revelation 20:9, the camp of the saints and the beloved city The besieged people are called a camp, like Israel's wilderness camp with God in its midst, and the beloved city, the Zion the Lord loves in Psalm 87.
Revelation 20:9, fire came down from heaven Fire comes down from heaven and consumes the attackers, in the words of Elijah's fire on the king's soldiers and on the pattern of Gog's end by fire in Ezekiel.
Revelation 20:11, a great white throne The great white throne and the one seated on it recall the throne of the Ancient of Days in Daniel 7:9, whose robe is white as snow and before whom the books are opened.
Revelation 20:11, no place was found for them Earth and heaven flee and no place is found for them, the words Daniel 2:35 uses when the wind blows away the broken statue of the empires.
Revelation 20:12, the books and the book of life Books are opened and another book, the book of life, joining Daniel 7:10, where the court sits and books are opened, with Daniel 12:1, where everyone found written in the book is rescued.
Revelation 20:12, judged by what they had done The dead are judged according to their works, the Old Testament's standard phrase for God repaying each person, as in Psalm 62:12 and Jeremiah 17:10.
Revelation 20:14, the second death The second death, the lake of fire, may come from the end of Isaiah, with its undying worm and unquenched fire for the rebels, as the old Aramaic paraphrase of Isaiah read it.
Revelation 21:1, a new heaven and a new earth John's first sight of the world to come is Isaiah's promise of new heavens and a new earth, now seen as done.
Revelation 21:1, and the sea was no more The missing sea may recall Isaiah 51, where God dried up the sea for the exodus and then promised that sorrow would flee.
Revelation 21:2, the holy city, prepared as a bride The new Jerusalem comes down dressed as a bride, from Isaiah's holy city Jerusalem and the bride God adorns in Isaiah 61:10.
Revelation 21:3, God will dwell with them The voice from the throne repeats the covenant promise of Ezekiel 37:27 and Leviticus 26:11-12, that God will live among his people, and widens his people to peoples.
Revelation 21:4, he will wipe every tear God wiping every tear and ending death comes from Isaiah 25:8, the feast where death is swallowed up.
Revelation 21:4, no more mourning, crying or pain The list of what will be gone draws on Isaiah 35:10, 51:11 and 65:19, where grief and the sound of weeping flee from the redeemed.
Revelation 21:5, I am making all things new God's announcement from the throne takes up Isaiah 43:19, behold I make new things, and adds all.
Revelation 21:6, water from the spring of life without cost God's gift of water to the thirsty, free of charge, joins Isaiah 49:10, springs of water for the returning exiles, with Isaiah 55:1, come to the waters without money.
Revelation 21:7, I will be his God and he will be my son The promise to the one who overcomes takes the promise to David's son in 2 Samuel 7:14 and gives it to each believer.
Revelation 21:10, carried in the Spirit to a great, high mountain John is taken to a high mountain to see the city, as Ezekiel was taken to a very high mountain to see the temple of the future.
Revelation 21:11, having the glory of God The city shines with God's glory, from Isaiah 60's promise that the Lord's glory would rise on Jerusalem and Ezekiel 43's glory returning to the temple.
Revelation 21:12-13, twelve gates with the names of the tribes The city's twelve gates, three on each side and each named for a tribe of Israel, come from Ezekiel's city in Ezekiel 48:30-35.
Revelation 21:15-17, a golden measuring rod An angel measures the city with a rod, as the man with a measuring reed measured Ezekiel's temple and as an angel measured Jerusalem in Zechariah 2.
Revelation 21:16, its length, width and height are equal The city is a perfect cube, like the inner sanctuary of Solomon's temple in 1 Kings 6:20, and square like Ezekiel's holy area.
Revelation 21:18-21, foundations of precious stones and gates of pearl A city built of jewels, with jasper walls, jeweled foundations and gates of single pearls, comes from God's promise to rebuild Jerusalem in Isaiah 54:11-12.
Revelation 21:19-20, the twelve stones of the foundations The twelve foundation stones follow the twelve stones on the high priest's breastpiece in Exodus 28:17-20, with a likely glance at the stones of Eden in Ezekiel 28:13.
Revelation 21:22, I saw no temple in the city The city has no temple because God and the Lamb are its temple, a turn the sources trace to Jeremiah 3:16-17, where the ark is not remade and Jerusalem itself becomes the Lord's throne.
Revelation 21:23, no need of sun or moon The city needs no sun or moon because God's glory lights it, taken from Isaiah 60:19-20, with the Lamb as its lamp.
Revelation 21:24, the nations walk by its light Nations walking by the city's light and kings bringing their glory into it come from Isaiah 60:3, 5, the pilgrimage of the nations to Zion.
Revelation 21:25-26, its gates will never be shut The gates that are never shut, through which the glory and honor of the nations is brought, come from Isaiah 60:11.
Revelation 21:27, nothing unclean will enter The ban on anything unclean entering the city recalls Isaiah 52:1 and 35:8, where the unclean will no longer pass through Zion or walk the holy way.
Revelation 22:1, the river of the water of life The river that runs from God's throne is Ezekiel's river from the temple, joined to Zechariah's living water and the river that watered Eden.
Revelation 22:2, leaves for the healing of the nations Ezekiel's fruit trees by the temple river become the tree of life from Eden, and leaves meant for healing are now for the healing of the nations.
Revelation 22:3, no more curse John takes Zechariah's promise that Jerusalem will never again lie under a ban of destruction and sets it in Eden, where the curse of Genesis 3 is lifted.
Revelation 22:3, his servants will serve him Isaiah's promise that Israel will be called priests of the Lord is fulfilled when all God's servants serve him in the temple-city.
Revelation 22:4, they will see his face God told Moses no one could see his face and live; John says God's servants will see it.
Revelation 22:4, his name on their foreheads The gold plate on the high priest's forehead, marked holy to the Lord, becomes God's name on the forehead of every servant.
Revelation 22:5, no night, for the Lord God gives them light Isaiah's promise that the Lord, not the sun, will be his people's light, and Zechariah's day without night, close John's vision of the city.
Revelation 22:5, they will reign forever and ever Daniel's holy ones receive the kingdom forever; John ends his vision with God's servants reigning forever and ever.
Revelation 22:6, what must soon take place The closing words repeat the opening of the book, Daniel's what must take place, with Daniel's true and faithful added.
Revelation 22:6, the God of the spirits of the prophets The title God of the spirits of the prophets may adapt a title Moses uses, which names God over the spirits of all people.
Revelation 22:10, do not seal up the words Daniel was told to seal his book until the time of the end; John is told not to seal his, because the time is near.
Revelation 22:11, let the wrongdoer still do wrong Daniel foretold that the wicked would go on in wickedness while the wise understand; John turns the forecast into commands.
Revelation 22:12, my reward is with me Isaiah's picture of the Lord coming with his reward is spoken by Jesus of himself, with the Old Testament rule that each is repaid by his works.
Revelation 22:13, the first and the last Jesus gathers into one sentence the titles Isaiah gives the Lord alone, the first and the last, with the Alpha and the Omega and the beginning and the end.
Revelation 22:14, the right to the tree of life Adam was driven out so he could not reach the tree of life; those who wash their robes are given the right to it.
Revelation 22:15, outside are the dogs The dogs shut out of the city may recall Deuteronomy's ban on bringing a dog's wages into God's house.
Revelation 22:16, the root of David and the bright morning star Jesus names himself with two royal prophecies at once: the root from Jesse's line in Isaiah 11 and the star out of Jacob in Numbers 24.
Revelation 22:17, let the thirsty come Isaiah's call to everyone who is thirsty to come to the waters and take without money echoes in the book's last invitation.
Revelation 22:18, do not add or take away Moses' warning not to add to or take from God's commands, with the curses written in his book, becomes the warning that guards John's book.
Revelation 22:20, surely I am coming soon Malachi's promise that the Lord will send his messenger and come suddenly may lie behind Jesus' sending his angel and his promise to come soon.