A narrow stone street in a first-century town at dusk, robed figures walking past market stalls toward a glowing wheel of light at the end of the street.

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The Ancient World Behind the Text

Pick a passage anywhere in the New Testament. See the customs and ideas a first reader knew without being told.

2 Timothy 3:10-17, Antioch, Iconium and Lystra, and the sacred writings

Timothy has followed Paul's teaching, life and sufferings, as in Antioch, Iconium and Lystra; he is to continue in what he learned, knowing from whom he learned it and how from infancy he has known the sacred writings, for all Scripture is God-breathed.

Paul's letters2 Timothy
2 Timothy 3:10-17

2 Timothy 3:10-17, in every translation this tool compares.

What is going on here

Paul reminds Timothy that he has seen Paul's teaching, way of life and sufferings up close, including the persecutions at Antioch, Iconium and Lystra, and warns that anyone set on living a godly life in Christ will meet persecution. Timothy is to keep to what he learned, remembering who taught him and that he has known the holy writings since childhood. Those writings come from God's own breath and are useful for teaching, correcting and training, so that God's servant is ready for every good work.

The ancient world behind it
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/following-a-teacher\/","n":"Following a teacher","s":"A disciple walked behind his teacher, lived with him, learned his ways and carried his reputation. Jesus chose his own, which only radical teachers did.","r":""}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/jewish-ways-of-reading-scripture\/","n":"How Jews read Scripture","s":"By the first century Jews held a known body of sacred writings, roughly the Old Testament, to be God's true word. They taught it to children from infancy, read it aloud in the synagogue and explained it, and Greek-speaking Jews called it the sacred writings.","r":""}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/spirit-of-prophecy\/","n":"The Spirit of prophecy","s":"Jews of Jesus' day linked God's Spirit above all with prophecy. Many believed the prophets had fallen silent long ago, and they looked for the day God would pour out his Spirit again.","r":""}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/magic-and-sorcery\/","n":"Magic and sorcery","s":"Spells, charms and incantations were sold and used across the ancient world, by Jews as well as pagans, and many feared the evil eye. People told a sorcerer, who worked in secret and for pay, from a holy man who acted openly.","r":""}
Also in this passage

Timothy knew of Paul's sufferings in Antioch, Iconium and Lystra from his own region (Keener and his notes); the dictionary thinks his family was converted at Lystra, where Paul was stoned. The word for impostors often meant sorcerers or fake magicians, though by then swindlers generally (Keener and his notes). The ESV Study Bible says those Timothy learned from may include his mother and grandmother, and the dictionary credits his mother with teaching him the Scriptures from childhood. In pious Jewish homes boys learned the sacred writings from about five, a knowledge that amazed other peoples, and Josephus says the law commands teaching from infancy (Keener and his notes). Greek-speaking Jews used sacred writings of their Bible, and Josephus counts twenty-two books held divine (Keener). Belief in inspired poetry and prophecy was widespread, and Jews held their Scriptures inspired by God's Spirit and true (Keener and his notes). God-breathed occurs in no earlier Greek text, and the ESV Study Bible reads all Scripture as the Old Testament and by implication some New Testament writings, while Keener and Wright take it as Israel's Scriptures, the only Bible the first Christians had.

Sources
  1. Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, on 2 Timothy 3:11, 3:13, 3:14-15 and 3:16-17, and introduction to 4:1-8
  2. NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, notes on 2 Timothy 3:11, 3:13, 3:15 and 3:16
  3. ESV Study Bible, study notes on 2 Timothy 3:14 and 3:16
  4. Josephus, Against Apion 1.8 and 2.26, trans. William Whiston
  5. N. T. Wright, Paul for Everyone: The Pastoral Letters, comment on 2 Timothy 4:1-5
  6. J. D. Douglas and Merrill C. Tenney, Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary, entry Eunice

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