A narrow stone street in a first-century town at dusk, robed figures walking past market stalls toward a glowing wheel of light at the end of the street.

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The Ancient World Behind the Text

Pick a passage anywhere in the New Testament. See the customs and ideas a first reader knew without being told.

Matthew 8:18-34, Let the dead bury their dead, the storm and Gadara

Jesus answers two would-be followers, calms a storm on the lake, and frees two men possessed by demons in the region of the Gadarenes.

The GospelsMatthew
Matthew 8:18-34

Matthew 8:18-34, in every translation this tool compares.

What is going on here

Two men offer to follow Jesus; he warns the first that he has no home of his own and tells the second that following him comes before even a father's burial. Out on the lake a storm hits while he sleeps, and he silences it, leaving the disciples asking what kind of man this is. On the eastern shore he frees two violent men living among the tombs, the demons go into a herd of pigs, and the townspeople beg him to go. The cost of following him and his power over sea and spirits sit side by side.

The ancient world behind it
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/following-a-teacher\/","n":"Following a teacher","s":"A disciple walked behind his teacher, lived with him, learned his ways and carried his reputation. Jesus chose his own, which only radical teachers did.","r":""}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/burial-and-mourning\/","n":"Burial and mourning","s":"Mourners came at once, the dead were buried the same day, wrapped in linen in rock tombs, and family carried the duty of burial. Pagan mourning, with little hope beyond a shadowy underworld, could be bleak.","r":""}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/the-sea\/","n":"The sea","s":"To ancient Israel the sea stood for chaos and danger that only God could command. The Gospel stories on the lake of Galilee lean on that old picture.","r":""}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/unclean-spirits\/","n":"Unclean spirits and exorcists","s":"Spirits that defiled and harmed people. Exorcists of the day used names, oaths, spells and foul smells to drive them out. Jesus gave an order.","r":""}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/gentile-lands\/","n":"Gentile territory","s":"Across the lake and to the north lay Greek-run cities with pagan temples and pig herds. Jesus crossed into them more than once.","r":""}
Also in this passage

Burying a father was a son's highest duty, and Wright calls Jesus' answer "This is, quite frankly, outrageous." What the man asks for is debated. Keener notes that bones were gathered into an ossuary a year after death, so he "could thus be asking for as much as a year's delay"; Bailey, citing Middle Eastern commentators, takes to bury one's father as an idiom for staying home until the parents die, perhaps for years; Keener's notes mention both views. Matthew names Gadara, about six miles from the lake and much nearer than Mark's Gerasa (Keener). Wilkins puts Gadara about five miles southeast of the lake and takes Gerasa as the small lakeside village of Khersa or Kursi inside Gadara's region, the traditional site; Gadara's coins sometimes showed ships (the Zondervan archaeology handbook). Tombs were unclean and thought haunted, and before the time means before the day of judgment. The Mishnah released a man whose dead lay unburied from reciting the Shema, from prayer and from wearing phylacteries (m. Berakhot 3:1; Wilkins), which shows how far the duty to bury reached.

Sources
  1. Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, on Matthew 8:19-20, 8:21-22, 8:23-27, 8:28 and 8:29
  2. NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, notes on Matthew 8:21, 8:24, 8:26, 8:28 and 8:29
  3. CSB Study Bible, note on Matthew 8:21
  4. Kenneth E. Bailey, Poet and Peasant and Through Peasant Eyes, Through Peasant Eyes, ch. 2, The Fox, the Funeral, and the Furrow
  5. N. T. Wright, Jesus and the Victory of God, ch. 9, Symbol and Controversy, section (iv) Nation and Family
  6. Michael J. Wilkins, Matthew, in Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary, ed. Clinton E. Arnold, on Matthew 8:21 and 8:28
  7. J. Randall Price and H. Wayne House, Zondervan Handbook of Biblical Archaeology, Luke 8:26 The Country of the Gergesenes

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