Tool Beta
Divine Council Index
Passages where the unseen realm is acting, grouped by thread.
Jude 14-15
Jude quotes Enoch, the seventh from Adam, by name.
Jude 14-15, in every translation this tool compares.
The real question: does quoting a book by name as prophecy mean the writer considered that whole book equally authoritative? A speaker can quote one line from a well-known poem, name the poet, and call the line true, without thereby declaring the poet's entire body of work equally authoritative. Quoting one line and naming its source is not the same act as officially canonizing everything that source ever wrote. This card reads the quotation as evidence of what the first century actually read, not an endorsement of a whole book.
A canonical letter quotes a non-canonical book as prophecy, by name, without apology.
Taking it as evidence of what the first century read, rather than as a problem to be managed, explains the quotation and the surrounding argument at once.
It does not settle what Jude thought about the book's authority, and nobody can.
Quotation is not canonization. Paul quotes pagan poets too. Reversing Hermon's appendix walks the ancient debate rather than settling it by assertion.
1 Enoch 1:9
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- Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch: A Commentary, 83-87 (NT citations), 87-95 (early orthodox writers), 101-102
- VanderKam, “1 Enoch, Enochic Motifs, and Enoch in Early Christian Literature,” in The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity (Fortress, 1996), 33-101
- Lawlor, “Early Citations from the Book of Enoch,” Journal of Philology 25 (1897): 164-225
- Reed, Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity (Cambridge, 2005)
- Reversing Hermon, appendix on the ancient debate over the inspiration of 1 Enoch
