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The Gods of the Bible

Every named divine being in Scripture, what the text calls it, and what the ancient world thought it was.

Mot

Death as a figure with an open throat that is never full.

ContestedWest Semitic powersOld Testament
Job 18:13

Job 18:13, in every translation this tool compares.

First, in plain English

Death, with a throat open and never full, climbing in through the windows, and a covenant made with him. The argument is whether that is a figure of speech or the memory of a god the neighbors actually worshipped.

What the text says

Death with an open throat that is never full, a covenant made with Death, Death climbing in through the windows. The argument is over whether these are personification or a live memory of the god.

Ancient Near Eastern background

Mot is Baal's last adversary at Ugarit and swallows him. His voracious appetite matches the biblical language about Sheol closely enough that mythological influence is plausible, though disputed, and Mot likely received no cult in Israel or Judah. DDD's entry on the "firstborn of Death" of Job 18:13 confirms this from the Ugaritic side: Mot carries the epithets "son of El" and "Beloved of El," yet he is absent from every Ugaritic pantheon list, sacrificial list, and offering list, and no sanctuary of his has turned up at Ugarit. Job 18:13's bekor mawet draws on the same figure, and DDD lays out three readings. The phrase may be an idiom for a deadly disease; it may name an actual offspring demon of Mot, on the model of the Mesopotamian Namtar, Ereshkigal's vizier; or it may be an attributive genitive, "Firstborn Death," a title for Mot himself as El's firstborn, which N. Wyatt argues from "Beloved of El" being a legitimation formula and not a term of affection. Isaiah 28:15's covenant with Death is almost universally read as something other than the Ugaritic god, either a foreign nation or a pun on the Egyptian goddess Mut, guarantor of treaties, and since it goes beyond simple personification without clear Ugaritic precedent for a death-covenant, it may be a Hebrew innovation instead of borrowed myth.

Where it appears
  • Job 18:13
  • Isaiah 28:15,18
  • Jeremiah 9:21
  • Hosea 13:14
  • Habakkuk 2:5
Sources
  1. H. G. M. Williamson, ICC *Isaiah 1-27*, 373-374
  2. C. B. Hays, "Death," DOT:Prophets, 153-154
  3. J. F. Healey, DDD s.v. "Mot," 598-602
  4. T. J. Lewis, "First-Born of Death," DDD, 332-334

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