Four robed people sharing a meal around a low table in a lamplit stone courtyard at night, a small glowing wheel of light set against the wall behind them.

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The Ancient World Behind the Text: Ideas

The customs, offices and ideas a first reader knew without being told, what each meant then, and the nearest thing you already know.

Herod Antipas and the Herodians

Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great, ran Galilee for Rome as a tetrarch, not a king. The Herodians were his backers.

Greek and Roman worldKings, rulers and courts
First, in plain English

The local boss calls himself king, but everyone knows who gave him the job. After Herod the Great died, his son Antipas got Galilee and Perea, under Rome. People called him king. The Herodians were the party that backed him.

What it meant then

Keener identifies Mark's King Herod as Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great. Antipas was technically a tetrarch, governor of a territory, not a king, though Galileans probably felt him to be a king locally. The ESV Study Bible dates his rule from 4 BC to AD 39 and calls him an administrator under Rome. Antipas divorced the daughter of the Nabatean king Aretas IV to marry Herodias, his brother's wife. Aretas later defeated him in battle, and his own people took the defeat as judgment for executing John (Josephus, Antiquities 18.5.1-2). Josephus says John was killed at the fortress of Machaerus. As a tetrarch under Rome, Antipas had no power to give away half a kingdom. His hunt for the title king finally cost him his rule. Augustus had refused him the title, and when he asked Caligula for it in AD 39 he was banished (Garland). The cultural backgrounds article adds that he ruled first from Sepphoris and later from Tiberias. Wright's glossary says the Herodians backed Antipas's claim to be the true king of the Jews. Keener says the Herodian family worked for Rome, and that Pharisees, many of them nationalists, worked with Herodians only in urgent cases. His coins carried a reed as their emblem, and Matthew uses his correct title, tetrarch.

The bridge to today

An analogy: a regional governor installed by a foreign power who wants his people to treat him as their own king. His supporters call him king. His paperwork says governor.

What it changes in the reading

Antipas' rule explains the political danger around John and Jesus in Galilee, as in Mark 6:17-18. He was a tetrarch, not a king, so royal language about him, as in Matthew 14:9, is popular usage. In Luke 13:31-32 Jesus calls him that fox.

Where the analogy breaks

Not an outsider sent in to govern. A governor installed by a foreign power usually comes from that power. Antipas was a son of Herod the Great, ruling a share of his father's kingdom, and the royal title he wanted was Rome's to grant or refuse.

Where scholars disagree

Why John was killed. Mark says John told Herod the marriage was unlawful and Herodias wanted him dead. Josephus says Herod feared John's influence "might put it into his power and inclination to raise a rebellion" and killed him first. Keener holds that John's criticism was moral but politically sensitive. Wright argues that John's charge struck at Herod's ambition to be accepted as the true king of the Jews. Garland holds that Josephus's political reason and Mark's account of Herodias's grudge do not contradict each other.

Passages where it appears
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/matthew-11-2-30\/","n":"Matthew 11:2-30, John's question, children in the square, an easy yoke","s":"John asks from prison whether Jesus is the one to come. Jesus praises John, compares his generation to sulking children, pronounces woes on the lake towns, and offers rest under his yoke.","r":"Matthew 11:2-30"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/matthew-14-1-12\/","n":"Matthew 14:1-12, John beheaded at a birthday feast","s":"Herod the tetrarch hears about Jesus and thinks John has risen. Matthew tells how Herod, bound by an oath at his birthday, had John beheaded.","r":"Matthew 14:1-12"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/matthew-22-15-22\/","n":"Matthew 22:15-22, Caesar's coin","s":"Pharisees and Herodians ask Jesus whether it is lawful to pay the poll tax to Caesar. He asks for the coin, asks whose image is on it, and tells them to give Caesar and God what is theirs.","r":"Matthew 22:15-22"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/mark-2-23-3-6\/","n":"Mark 2:23-3:6, Grain and a withered hand on the Sabbath","s":"Jesus defends his disciples for picking grain on the Sabbath, heals a man's hand in the synagogue, and the Pharisees start plotting with the Herodians.","r":"Mark 2:23-3:6"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/mark-6-14-29\/","n":"Mark 6:14-29, Herod's banquet and John's death","s":"Herod hears of Jesus and thinks John has risen. Mark then tells how Herod, at his birthday banquet, had John beheaded.","r":"Mark 6:14-29"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/mark-12-13-17\/","n":"Mark 12:13-17, The coin with Caesar's face","s":"Pharisees and Herodians ask whether it is right to pay tax to Caesar. Jesus asks for a coin and asks whose image is on it.","r":"Mark 12:13-17"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/luke-3-1-20\/","n":"Luke 3:1-20, John's answers for toll men and soldiers","s":"In the fifteenth year of Tiberius, John preaches repentance around the Jordan. He tells the crowds to share, tax collectors to take no more than is set, and soldiers not to extort, and Herod Antipas shuts him in prison.","r":"Luke 3:1-20"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/luke-8-1-3\/","n":"Luke 8:1-3, Women who paid the bills","s":"As Jesus travels from town to town with the Twelve, women he has healed travel with them, among them Joanna, wife of Herod's household manager, and they support the group from their own means.","r":"Luke 8:1-3"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/luke-13-22-35\/","n":"Luke 13:22-35, The narrow door, the feast, the fox and the hen","s":"On the way to Jerusalem Jesus warns that many will find the door shut while people from east and west recline at the feast in God's kingdom. Warned that Herod wants to kill him, he calls Herod a fox and grieves over Jerusalem.","r":"Luke 13:22-35"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/luke-23-1-25\/","n":"Luke 23:1-25, Before Pilate, before Antipas, and Barabbas","s":"The council brings Jesus to Pilate charged with forbidding tribute and claiming to be a king. Pilate sends him to Herod Antipas, who mocks him, and in the end Pilate gives in to the crowd and releases Barabbas.","r":"Luke 23:1-25"}
Sources
  1. NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, notes on Mark 3:6, 6:14, 6:17, 6:23 and 6:24
  2. ESV Study Bible, study note on Mark 6:14a
  3. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 18.5.1-2, trans. William Whiston
  4. N. T. Wright, Mark for Everyone, comment on Mark 6:17-29, and Glossary, entry Herodians
  5. NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, note on Matthew 11:7
  6. Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, on Matthew 14:1
  7. David E. Garland, Mark, in Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary, ed. Clinton E. Arnold, on Mark 6:17 and sidebar Herod Antipas
  8. NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, article Herod's Successors and Uneasy Relations Between Rome and Judeans

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