Four robed people sharing a meal around a low table in a lamplit stone courtyard at night, a small glowing wheel of light set against the wall behind them.

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The Ancient World Behind the Text: Ideas

The customs, offices and ideas a first reader knew without being told, what each meant then, and the nearest thing you already know.

The one who is sent

Jewish law held that a man's agent was as the man himself, backed by his authority as long as he represented him faithfully. How people treated the agent showed how they treated the one who sent him.

Jewish life and lawGroups and offices
First, in plain English

Turn away the ambassador and you have insulted his country. In Jesus' world a man could send someone to act for him: to buy, to sign, to speak. The agent carried the sender's full authority as long as he did what he was sent to do. Welcoming him was welcoming the sender, and refusing him was refusing the sender. In John's Gospel Jesus speaks of himself again and again as the one the Father sent.

What it meant then

Jewish law taught that a man's agent stood in his place and carried his authority, as long as the agent represented him faithfully (Keener). The CSB Study Bible cites the Mishnah (Berakot 5.5) for the rule that "a man's agent is like the man himself". It compares Moses' words that the Lord had sent him and he did nothing of his own will (Numbers 16:28). Moses and the Old Testament prophets were sometimes viewed as God's agents. The principle held across the ancient Mediterranean. How someone welcomed an envoy, an authorized agent or a son revealed how he regarded the one who sent him. To be sent from the Father means to be his commissioned agent, an authorized representative. Wright, on the bread from heaven, puts it in one line: "Moses was only God's agent." Apostle means one who is sent, used of an ambassador or delegate. The same principle applies to the disciples Jesus sends out: whoever receives them receives him, and whoever receives him receives the one who sent him. An agent was always subordinate to his sender, and his authority reached only as far as his commission. Only subordinates served and were sent. In Jewish tradition prophets often appointed successors.

The bridge to today

An analogy: a lawyer holding power of attorney. When she signs, her client has signed, as long as she stays within what she was told to do.

What it changes in the reading

The agent stands for the sender, so honoring or rejecting the Son is honoring or rejecting the Father, as in John 5:23. The same rule makes receiving Jesus' messengers the same as receiving him and the one who sent him, in Matthew 10:40.

Where the analogy breaks

Not a legal paper for business alone. Power of attorney covers signatures. The Jewish agent principle reached further: Moses and the prophets could be seen as God's agents, and how people received an agent, or a son, showed how they treated the sender. The agent was always subordinate, and in John the argument turns on how far the Son's commission reaches.

Where scholars disagree

What the agency language does in John 5. Keener says the picture of the Son as the Father's agent answers the charge that Jesus made himself equal with God, though his hearers could easily take 5:23 as a claim to deity. The ESV and CSB Study Bibles read 5:23 as establishing Jesus' right to be worshiped, a claim to deity.

Passages where it appears
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/john-5-19-47\/","n":"John 5:19-47, The Son sent by the Father, and his witnesses","s":"Jesus answers the charge of making himself equal with God: the Son does what he sees the Father doing, gives life and judges, and has witnesses in John, in his works, in the Father and in the Scriptures.","r":"John 5:19-47"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/john-8-12-30\/","n":"John 8:12-30, The light of the world by the treasury","s":"Jesus calls himself the light of the world. Told that testimony about himself does not count, he answers with the law's rule of two witnesses: himself and the Father who sent him.","r":"John 8:12-30"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/john-13-1-30\/","n":"John 13:1-30, Washing the disciples' feet, and the morsel for Judas","s":"At supper before Passover Jesus takes off his outer clothes, ties a towel around himself and washes his disciples' feet. Then he hands Judas the dipped morsel, and Judas goes out into the night.","r":"John 13:1-30"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/john-17-1-26\/","n":"John 17:1-26, The prayer: your name made known","s":"Before his arrest Jesus lifts his eyes to heaven and prays that the Father will glorify him, keep those given him in the Father's name and set them apart by the truth, and make all who believe one.","r":"John 17:1-26"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/john-20-19-31\/","n":"John 20:19-31, Locked doors, and my Lord and my God","s":"On the evening of the first day Jesus stands among the disciples behind locked doors, shows his hands and side, sends them as the Father sent him and breathes the Spirit on them. A week later Thomas sees the wounds and confesses him as Lord and God.","r":"John 20:19-31"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/acts-9-1-31\/","n":"Acts 9:1-31, Saul on the Damascus road","s":"Carrying the high priest's letters to the synagogues of Damascus, Saul is stopped by a light and a voice. Blinded, healed and baptized, the persecutor begins to proclaim Jesus and has to escape over the city wall.","r":"Acts 9:1-31"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/romans-10-1-21\/","n":"Romans 10:1-21, How beautiful are the feet","s":"Paul prays for Israel, whose zeal for God lacks knowledge, and argues from Scripture that the word of faith is near, that whoever calls on the Lord will be saved, and that heralds must be sent.","r":"Romans 10:1-21"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/2corinthians-7-2-16\/","n":"2 Corinthians 7:2-16, Titus arrives and the letter that hurt","s":"In Macedonia Paul is comforted by Titus's arrival and his news that the Corinthians grieved over Paul's harsh letter in a way that led to repentance, and that they received Titus with fear and trembling.","r":"2 Corinthians 7:2-16"}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-passages\/3john-9-15\/","n":"3 John 9-15, Diotrephes and Demetrius","s":"The elder wrote to the church, but Diotrephes, eager to be first, refuses to receive him; he spreads malicious talk, refuses to welcome the brothers and puts out of the church those who do. Gaius is not to imitate evil. Demetrius is well spoken of by everyone, and the elder adds his own testimony; he hopes to come soon and talk face to face.","r":"3 John 9-15"}
Sources
  1. Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, on John 5:21-22, 5:23, 5:30 and 7:28-29, and on Matthew 10:40-42
  2. NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, notes on John 5:23 and 5:30
  3. CSB Study Bible, notes on John 5:19 and 5:23
  4. ESV Study Bible, study note on John 5:23
  5. N. T. Wright, John for Everyone, Part One, comment on John 6:26-35, and Glossary, entry apostle, disciple, the Twelve
  6. Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, on John 12:48-49, 13:16-17, 13:20 and 20:21
  7. NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, notes on John 12:50, 13:16, 13:20 and 20:21

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