A narrow stone street in a first-century town at dusk, robed figures walking past market stalls toward a glowing wheel of light at the end of the street.

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The Ancient World Behind the Text

Pick a passage anywhere in the New Testament. See the customs and ideas a first reader knew without being told.

Revelation 18:9-24, kings, merchants and the cargo list

The kings, the merchants and the sea captains stand far off and mourn as Babylon burns, because no one buys their cargoes any more, a long list of luxuries that ends with human beings. An angel hurls a great millstone into the sea, and the sounds of music, craftsmen, the mill, the lamp and the wedding fall silent in the city where the blood of prophets and saints was found.

RevelationRevelation
Revelation 18:9-24

Revelation 18:9-24, in every translation this tool compares.

What is going on here

Rulers, merchants and seafarers stand at a safe distance and lament as Babylon burns, because the trade that made them rich has collapsed. The list of lost cargo runs from luxury goods and food to livestock and, at its end, enslaved human beings. An angel hurls a huge stone into the sea as a sign that the city will vanish just as completely, with all its music, work, light and weddings gone, because it deceived the nations and is guilty of killing God's prophets and people.

The ancient world behind it
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/trade-guilds\/","n":"Trades and trade guilds","s":"Craftsmen of one trade lived and worked in the same streets and banded together in guilds, which set standards, defended their interests and met for meals in honor of a patron god.","r":""}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/sea-travel\/","n":"Travel by sea","s":"Outside winter, ships were the quickest and cheapest way to travel, but they were built for cargo, not passengers, and from mid-September the sea grew dangerous. The great grain ships of Alexandria fed Rome.","r":""}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/slavery\/","n":"Slavery and slave managers","s":"Slaves were everywhere in the Roman world, from field hands to stewards who ran whole estates and handled their master's money. A master away and slaves left in charge was a familiar story.","r":""}
  • {"u":"https:\/\/jayms.com\/bible-study-tools-2\/ancient-world-ideas\/burial-and-mourning\/","n":"Burial and mourning","s":"Mourners came at once, the dead were buried the same day, wrapped in linen in rock tombs, and family carried the duty of burial. Pagan mourning, with little hope beyond a shadowy underworld, could be bleak.","r":""}
Also in this passage

The mourners are those who profited: kings, merchants and shipowners (the cultural backgrounds notes; Keener). John reworks Ezekiel 27's cargo list for Tyre, fifteen of his twenty-nine items appearing there (Beale; the study Bibles), and the cultural backgrounds article Rome's Imports says he "updates it accurately for the trade realities of first-century Rome"; Wright and Bird, after Bauckham, see Babylon as Rome's political power and Tyre as its economic power. Keener and the article differ on origins: gold from North Africa or mostly from Spain, where mine slaves rarely lived long; cinnamon from China or most probably Somalia. About 200,000 families in Rome got grain free while children starved in some of the lands that grew it (the article; Keener). The list ends with human beings, "the gravest injustice of the empire" (the cultural backgrounds notes); "Asia exported a large quantity of humans to Rome", probably through Ephesus (the article). Beale reads bodies and souls as one phrase for slaves; Keener separates human lives, perhaps kept for the arena. Heiser sees a power that controls trade, with "a more sinister intelligence" behind it that wants worship. The silenced mill, lamp and wedding reverse Jeremiah 25:10 (the cultural backgrounds notes; Keener).

Sources
  1. Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, on Revelation 18:11, 18:12-13, 18:17-19, 18:21 and 18:23
  2. NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, notes on Revelation 18:1-24, 18:11-19, 18:12-13, 18:17, 18:19, 18:21, 18:22-23 and 18:23
  3. G. K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, on Revelation 18:12-13 and 18:22-23
  4. N. T. Wright, Revelation for Everyone, comment on Revelation 18:9-24
  5. N. T. Wright and Michael F. Bird, The New Testament in Its World, ch. 34, The Story of the Book of Revelation, section 10
  6. ESV Study Bible, study note on Revelation 18:12-13
  7. CSB Study Bible, note on Revelation 18:11-14
  8. NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible, article Rome's Imports
  9. Michael S. Heiser, Revelation 17-18: The Fall of Babylon the Great, video lecture (Naked Bible Revelation series)

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